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wind energy

    ENERGY

    4 Offshore Wind Leases Are Sold

    Low sale price affects initial fisheries compensation

    By

    This article was updated on Nov. 8.

    Two companies have won leases for four of the eight available wind energy areas that were selected by the Interior Dept.’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) in May.

    This is the government’s sixth offshore wind lease sale and the first commercial sale for floating offshore wind on the U.S. Atlantic coast, according to BOEM’s announcement. The leased areas, the agency says, have the potential to power more than 2.3 million homes.

    The lease sales, made on Oct. 29, do not authorize the construction or operation of wind energy facilities. Instead, they give the two companies the right to submit plans. They also lay out a number of requirements that will shape any proposals.

    Two of the leases went to American-owned Invenergy NE Offshore Wind, LLC and two to Avangrid Renewables, LLC, a partial subsidiary of the Spanish energy giant Iberdrola. Each of the four lease areas was purchased for the minimum bid of $50 per acre, totaling $21,954,800 for just under 440,000 acres.

    Three of the areas are closest to Massachusetts. The nearest to shore, which was leased to Invenergy, is 24.8 miles from the Outer Cape. The other two Massachusetts areas are each 40 miles from the Outer Cape and were leased to Avangrid. The fourth lease area is 53.2 miles from the coast of Maine.

    Included in the nearly $22 million total is $2.7 million in “bidding credits” to go to fisheries compensation mitigation and another $2.7 million destined for workforce training and domestic supply chain development. The leases also stipulate that the companies must “make every reasonable effort” to enter into project labor agreements and develop communication plans with tribes, agencies, and the fishing industry.

    According to a May 2024 report from NOAA Fisheries, fishing in the three Massachusetts areas that were sold resulted in total revenue of $3,523,000 in 2022. Provincetown was among the top five ports of landing for vessels operating in these four lease areas.

    As for the four lease areas that did not receive any bids, BOEM’s auction schedule includes a second Gulf of Maine lease auction in 2028, but whether those four areas will be re-auctioned at that point will depend on analysis of the Oct. 29 sale, said BOEM public affairs specialist Victoria Peabody.

    This auction is not the first to have lease areas receive no bids. When BOEM auctioned three lease areas in the Gulf of Mexico in August 2023, two of the leases received no bids, and the other was sold for approximately $54.64 per acre. BOEM also postponed the auction of wind energy areas off the coast of Oregon this September “due to insufficient bidder interest.”

    Most other offshore wind lease areas have sold for far more than these Gulf of Maine leases did. Three lease areas south of Massachusetts sold for an average of $1,039 per acre in 2018 — over 20 times the value of the Gulf of Maine offshore wind energy areas. And the Biden administration’s first wind energy area auction off New York and New Jersey sold for an average of $8,951 per acre in February 2022.

    More recently, the auction of two offshore wind energy area leases off the mid-Atlantic coast in August of this year generated rates of $739 and $100 per acre.

    Aubrey Ellertson Church, policy manager for the Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen’s Alliance, called the sale price “disappointing.” A low sale price affects the fisheries compensation funds, initially set at 12.5 percent of the total sale price of the lease. Compared to other lease sales, the compensation generated by a $50-per-acre sale “just doesn’t seem equitable,” Church said.

    But the $2.7 million allocated in the lease sale is not a ceiling for compensation. Church said she hopes that the value of the compensation fund will increase once BOEM conducts its environmental impact assessment and determines the fisheries value that will be lost in this development.

    BOEM has acknowledged previously that wind development may affect fisheries access, and the agency has excluded key fishing grounds like Lobster Management Area 1 from the Gulf of Maine lease areas. But whether certain fisheries will lose access will likely be based on the type of gear being used, Church said. Because the floating turbines will be anchored to the seabed by cables, mobile gear, like bottom trawls and dredges, will likely be excluded in the areas altogether.

    More stationary fishing techniques, like lobster pots and rod and reel fishing, may not be as affected, Church said. But she said that construction activity might require temporary vessel-free buffer zones, and that operational wind farms present navigation and safety concerns because of radar interference and collision risk.

    Church also said that she is hoping that wind companies don’t simply “check the box” when it comes to communicating with the fishing community. She thinks fishermen can provide valuable input on the placement of turbines and anchoring sites to make fishing in these areas safer.

    Editor’s note: An earlier version of this article, published in print on Nov. 7, incorrectly reported that total revenue from fishing in the three Massachusetts wind lease areas that were sold was $3,462,000 in 2022. The correct amount was $3,523,000.

    ON THE BALLOT

    ‘Dark Money,’ Wind Power, and Question No. 7

    A Hingham man’s solo campaign is behind a nonbinding referendum

    By

    ORLEANS — Until they saw the roadside signs urging them to “Vote NO Question 7,” most Outer Cape voters had no idea there was a seventh question on the Nov. 5 ballot.

    A campaign by an anonymous group calling itself “Save Cape Cod” opposes Question 7 in signs on Route 6. (Photos by Aden Choate)

    The nonbinding public policy question, which appears only on ballots in the seven towns of the 4th Barnstable District of the Mass. House, asks if the district’s state representative should “be instructed to vote in favor of legislation” to support offshore and onshore wind power development in Massachusetts.

    John Leonard is the person who gathered the signatures to put the question on the ballot. He lives in Hingham and told the Independent, “I’m purely a citizen with no economic interest in wind power.” He said he chose the 4th Barnstable District for its proximity to proposed wind energy leasing sites in the Gulf of Maine and growing local resistance to offshore wind. “This is where all the agitation about wind power and whales is happening,” he said.

    Leonard’s is a one-man effort with no budget, but it has spawned an anonymous “vote no” campaign, branded as “Save Cape Cod,” that has thus far not registered with the state as required under political finance law.

    Fighting ‘Dark Money’

    Leonard, 66, introduced a similar ballot question in 2008 on the South Shore, where about 82 percent of voters across four districts supported wind energy development.

    John Leonard, the man behind Question 7, at home in Hingham.

    After reading a 2023 report from Brown University’s Climate and Development Lab mapping the “anti-offshore wind network,” Leonard said, he decided to measure support for wind energy again. “I’m out to fight the out-of-state dark money,” he said, referring to the Brown report’s mention of secretive political spending tied to the fossil fuel industry.

    According to Debra O’Malley, communications director for the secretary of the Commonwealth, any person can pick up blank petitions for a nonbinding public policy question and start collecting signatures. The person does not have to live in the district where the voting will take place or be a registered voter.

    O’Malley emphasized that such questions are essentially polls on specific issues. “The results of this question have no legal impact,” she wrote in an email.

    In June, Leonard showed up at the transfer stations in Orleans and Harwich to gather signatures. He said he chose those towns because they have more conservative voters than others in the district, which also includes Chatham, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown, and he wanted to gauge support for wind energy across the political spectrum.

    In one weekend, Leonard collected the requisite 200 signatures to get the question added to the ballot. The town clerks in Orleans and Harwich certified that the signers were registered voters.

    Four Orleans voters whose names appear on Leonard’s petition confirmed their signatures last week but said they did not know what Question 7 was about or recall exactly when they had signed.

    “I must have signed it thinking I was doing the right thing,” said Timothy Murphy, 64.

    “At the time, I thought the wind fields were what we needed,” said retired Orleans Fire Chief Raphael Merrill, 79. Now he has doubts related to wind turbine blades breaking, potential effects on fishermen, and the costs of development.

    Though he supports alternative energy, Alvin Ruttgers, 86, agreed that the Vineyard Wind blade breakage in July concerned him. “It sounds good, and it looks good, but does it really work?” he asked.

    Shirley Wladar, 83, didn’t recall signing the petition but said she had already voted yes on Question 7 to encourage alternative energy on the Cape.

    An Unregistered Campaign

    The “Save Cape Cod” campaign opposing Question 7 is visible online and in signs along Route 6. No sponsor or funder is named on the campaign website, which claims it is “non-partisan and self funded.”

    Jason Tait, communications and education director for the Mass. Office of Campaign and Political Finance, told the Independent that no ballot question committee opposing Question 7 had registered with that office.

    State law requires committees supporting or opposing a legislative district question to disclose their funding if “money is raised or spent, and whether those resources are pooled by two or more individuals or groups,” Tait wrote in an email. Save Cape Cod has until Nov. 5 to disclose its funding if it was organized on or after Oct. 16, he added.

    Save Cape Cod does not appear to be connected to local efforts opposing offshore wind or Question 7. Truro resident Elena Rice, whose Change.org petition to stop offshore wind leases in the Gulf of Maine is linked on Save Cape Cod’s website, told the Independent that she did not know who was behind it.

    Republican Christopher Lauzon, who is challenging incumbent state Sen. Julian Cyr and strongly opposes offshore wind, said that he is not involved with Save Cape Cod but encourages people to vote no on Question 7.

    “The biggest problem is that the question kind of came out of nowhere,” said Lauzon. “Nobody knew this was going to be on the ballot until a couple of weeks ago.”

    Truro resident Dennis O’Brien also said he is voting no. “The way I interpret this question is that it’s going to give the politicians more decision-making authority at the expense of the voters,” he said.

    “The legislature has no role in awarding contracts to developers of offshore wind,” said Cyr, noting that the governor would ultimately make those awards. “The outcome of the presidential election is more likely to determine whether proposed lease sites move forward.”

    Both Cyr and Hadley Luddy, who is running unopposed to succeed Sarah Peake as District 4 representative, said they would vote yes on Question 7 because wind energy is key to the state’s renewable energy future. They encouraged constituents to do the same. But Cyr added, “It’s a deceptive question.”

    Paul Benson contributed reporting.

    Editor’s note: An earlier version of this article, published in print on Oct. 31, reported that Senate candidate Christopher Lauzon said he would vote no on Question 7. Lauzon votes in the 5th Barnstable District, where Question 7 is not on the ballot; he said he encourages 4th District residents to vote no on the question.

    WIND ENERGY

    Leaders Ask BOEM for Time and Information

    The goal is ‘a seat at the table’ as offshore wind plans advance

    By

    WELLFLEET — Plans for permitting the construction of wind farms in the Gulf of Maine have been in the works at the U.S. Dept. of the Interior since at least 2021. But for many municipal leaders on Cape Cod, those plans came into view only on April 30, after the department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) announced the proposed auction of eight potential lease areas — including one about 23 miles off the back shore of the Outer Cape.

    ENVIRONMENT

    U.S. Proposes 8 Wind Energy Areas in Gulf of Maine

    Local fishermen’s alliance will question effects of offshore turbines

    By

    The U.S. Dept. of the Interior announced last week the proposed auction of eight offshore wind lease areas in the Gulf of Maine. The areas selected by the department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) for potential leases for the development of wind farms encompass nearly a million acres and include one area approximately 23 miles off the back shore of Outer Cape Cod.

    The locations of eight new areas proposed for leasing to energy companies for developing wind farms in the first offshore wind energy auction in the Gulf of Maine. (Map courtesy BOEM)

    The eight areas in the gulf could generate up to 15 GW of electricity, enough to power 5 million homes, according to Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland’s April 30 announcement.

    “It’s a big milestone for clean energy,” Nick Krakoff, senior attorney with the Boston-based nonprofit Conservation Law Foundation told the Independent. “Every pathway says we need offshore wind,” he said.

    Offshore wind is key to Massachusetts meeting its decarbonization goals, particularly the state’s Clean Energy and Climate plan, which commits to reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050. The Mass. Clean Energy Center, a state agency established to boost the clean energy sector, anticipates that nearly 60 percent of all electricity in the state will be generated by wind by that year.

    Cape Cod fishermen are watching the developments closely, according to Aubrey Ellertson Church, policy manager at the Cape Cod Commercial Fishermen’s Alliance. In an email to the Independent, she said that local fishermen’s primary concern is whether the location of the wind farms would push them out of their traditional fishing areas and into other already-fished areas, increasing competition among boats.

    In selecting the eight Gulf of Maine areas that would be offered, BOEM worked with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to avoid areas that are prominently used as offshore fishing grounds or serve as popular vessel transit routes, according to the Interior Dept.’s announcement. As a result, Ellertson Church said, BOEM established three corridors between the proposed lease areas for ships and boats to travel in.

    According to a WBUR report by Nicole Ogrysko, BOEM did not place lease areas in Lobster Management Area 1, a popular site for Massachusetts lobstermen.

    Ellertson Church said fishermen were also worried about how future wind farms might affect collision risks or cause navigation difficulties or loss of fishing gear, and that laying offshore wind cables might affect bottom-dwelling fish. “We want to make sure we have a seat at the table as these discussions take place with BOEM and wind developers,” she wrote.

    “This is an exciting opportunity for the Outer Cape to be on the front line of solving the climate crisis,” said state Sen. Julian Cyr of Truro, who represents the Cape and Islands. Cyr told the Independent that he views the wind farms as a potential economic opportunity for the Outer Cape. “I can see opportunities for an operations and maintenance facility based in Provincetown harbor,” he said. “Also, potentially, activities out of Provincetown Airport.”

    He pointed to Martha’s Vineyard as an example of how host communities can benefit from offshore wind, as he said the Vineyard Wind project had created 40 year-round union jobs. He thought that the Outer Cape could benefit financially from a host community agreement with the companies that build and operate the turbines.

    Cyr also said the turbines are not likely to be visible from shore. A 2013 study on the visual impact of wind farms led by Robert Sullivan of the Argonne National Laboratory in the United Kingdom found that, while wind turbines can be visible to casual observers at a distance of up to 18 miles, at over 25 miles they were visible only “with extended or concentrated viewing.”

    Cyr said he would want to ensure there would not be light pollution from the turbines. He also said he’d want to be sure that experts were involved to prevent important marine habitats from being affected.

    Krakoff said that the Conservation Law Foundation is concerned about the placement of the northernmost lease area off the coast of Maine because it includes waters regularly used by right whales. So, while he said of the proposal that “on the whole, it’s a good thing,” he added that his organization plans to encourage BOEM to adjust that area during the public comment period now underway.

    The 60-day comment period on the proposed areas runs from May 1 to July 1. Individuals can comment on the website Regulations.gov by searching for BOEM-2024-0026 or by attending (in person or online) one of three public meetings set for this later this month: in Portsmouth, N.H. on May 23; in Portland, Maine on May 28; and in Danvers on May 30.

    ENVIRONMENT

    Climate, Not Wind Farms, Is Called Threat to Whales

    Scientists say turbine noise pales in comparison to ship strikes, entanglement, and loss of feeding grounds

    By

    PROVINCETOWN — The first turbine of the Vineyard Wind offshore wind project, eight miles south of Martha’s Vineyard, was successfully installed on Oct. 18.

    Two North Atlantic right whales photographed by NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries aerial survey team in May 2016. (Photo by Tim Cole/NOAA Fisheries, NEFSC)

    Meanwhile, some who are working against this and other offshore wind energy developments claim that the noise created by the turbines will spell doom for right, humpback, and other endangered whales. Those claims, many of which originate from groups with ties to the fossil-fuel industry, according to multiple reports, and further disseminated by right-wing pundits, have some Cape Codders worried about the whales. Scientists say the assertions feeding the fears are not backed up by facts.

    “It does not appear that noise is going to create a major problem,” said Charles “Stormy” Mayo III about the Vineyard Wind generators. Mayo is chair of the dept. of ecology at the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown and an expert on North Atlantic right whale feeding. Based on what we know, he said, it would be “a stretch” to link offshore wind development with any damage to whale populations.

    Christopher Clark, a retired senior scientist and graduate professor at Cornell University with expertise in marine acoustic ecology, echoed Mayo’s thoughts by calling concerns about offshore wind “misplaced.”

    “Wind turbine noise is not going to kill a whale,” Clark said. He has been studying the effects of noise on whales since the 1970s and has also been advising the Vineyard Wind project as a senior scientist.

    The belief that offshore wind development harms whales is rooted in fears that the noise from the installation of wind turbines and the sounds of their generators could disrupt whales’ communication and disorient them. Investigating concerns about sound “is not a totally useless exercise,” Mayo said.

    To avoid harming whales, the Vineyard Wind project is undertaking measures to combat noise pollution. During installation, which involves driving the foundation into the sandy ocean bottom, they are using devices known as bubble curtains, according to the project description.

    The apparatus consists of two concentric rings of tubing that release a curtain of air bubbles around the installation site that insulates the rest of the ocean from the noise of the pile driving. The company has agreed to pause turbine installation from January through April, when right whales are most likely to be in the area.

    Once the turbines are up and running, Clark said, the noise level goes down dramatically. He noted that the biggest risk to whales during wind farm operation comes from the boats that will be servicing the turbines. According to Clark, the Vineyard Wind project plans on using aerial and acoustic surveying to monitor whales’ movements and ensure its boats do not interfere with marine mammal populations.

    There is no way to completely eliminate noise from offshore wind development. Mayo said, however, that right whales are already feeding in Cape Cod Bay amidst noise that he said is “extremely intense.” The area is sometimes “overwhelmed by the noise of ships,” Mayo said. Still, more than half of the North Atlantic right whale population chooses to feed in the bay  every year. “I can’t see, out of what we know, a clear indication that these whales cannot cope with noise,” Mayo said.

    Clark, too, said that the loud shipping traffic that travels through Stellwagen Bank makes it an “industrialized, urbanized environment,” akin to Boylston Street in downtown Boston. Nonetheless, it remains a critical feeding area for humpback, fin, and right whales.
    “If we get to a point where we want a silent ocean,” Mayo said, we’re going to have to eliminate noise “that is much greater than the hum produced by the generators.” It’s an admirable goal, he added.

    Shipping is not the only problem. Both scientists pointed out that the tools used to find and drill for underwater oil, including seismic airguns and explosive charges, are much more extreme than the depth sounders used to scout the ocean floor during offshore wind construction. Mayo likened the depth sounders to the “fish finders” that fishermen use to locate schools of fish.

    Both Mayo and Clark said that the environmental standards that offshore wind energy projects are held to are much higher than for many other offshore infrastructure projects. Mayo applauded the baseline surveying work done by the New England Aquarium for the Vineyard Wind project. He said he is concerned, however, about whether the project will maintain the same level of rigor in monitoring whale populations once the turbines are installed.

    Vineyard Wind is not perfect, both Mayo and Clark said. Mayo said that he opposes industrialization of the ocean in principle but views offshore wind as a necessary concession because of the already emerging destructive effects of climate change. Clark said that installing a wind farm is not a trivial endeavor. “But we have to make the choice,” he said. “Are we going to invest in and support the development of renewable energy?”

    The Real Fight

    Much of the popular fear about the supposed danger wind energy poses for whales has been fueled by misinformation about a die-off of humpback whales in the mid-Atlantic last winter, according to multiple news reports and fact-checking organizations. Mayo, too, has followed the die-off. Mass mortalities, Mayo said, have “been going on for a long time,” and this one shows no apparent signs of being related to wind energy development.

    The facts are these, according to NOAA: While necropsies are still ongoing, at least 40 percent of studied whale deaths off the East Coast of the U.S. since 2016 were tied to ship collisions or entanglement with fishing gear. None could be linked to wind development.

    Prominent right-wing media figures, meanwhile, have used false conclusions about the die-off to discredit wind energy development in general. Former President Donald Trump said at a South Carolina rally that wind turbines are driving whales “a little batty” and “causing whales to die in numbers never seen before.” Former Fox News host Tucker Carlson, too, decried offshore wind development in a segment titled “The Biden Whale Extinction.”

    Clark calls for a focus on what we know. “We know that ships kill right whales,” he said. “We know that right whales are getting tangled. These are human activities that actually kill whales.”

    The data back him up. According to NOAA, 85 percent of North Atlantic right whales have been entangled at some point in their lives. Since 2017, at least one-third of all recorded North Atlantic right whale deaths were caused by vehicle strikes, and a quarter were the result of entanglement. And on the West Coast, a 2017 study estimated that ship collisions are killing 18 blue, 22 humpback, and 43 fin whales every year — significant proportions of the populations of these endangered species.

    “We’re too myopic in our whole perspective on this problem,” Clark said. Whales migrate thousands of miles each year, and before industrialization, whale songs could be heard across oceans. For whales, he said, the whole ocean is their home, and focusing on one area offers a “microscopic” perspective on a bigger story.

    Clark called the decline of right whale populations “a symptom” of the destruction of the ocean ecosystem owing to multiple large-scale trends such as overfishing, pollution, overindustrialization, and climate change. The influence of the Vineyard Wind project, Clark said, is a “little dot” in comparison to other problems whales face, especially when it comes to climate change, which renewable energy sources can help mitigate.

    Mayo also named climate change as the greatest existential threat to the whales. He said it is likely causing several right whale feeding grounds to collapse. The Great South Channel off Nantucket and the Outer Banks off Nova Scotia used to host significant whale concentrations, but the food supply has moved elsewhere, forcing whales to follow. Mayo believes that, based on current trends, the Cape Cod Bay right whale grounds may one day collapse, too.

    The only way to save the ocean’s ecosystem as we know it, Mayo believes, involves shifting away from our dependence on fossil fuels quickly. Offshore wind, he said, will have to be a part of that.

    “If we don’t figure something out,” Mayo said, “we’ve got a climate change issue that is going to wreak havoc on right whale populations.”

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